The vote is the most powerful nonviolent change agent you have in a democratic society.
Transparent: voting in America explores issues surrounding a core value of democracy: that the voting process is fair and open to scrutiny. These concepts are conveyed in the exhibition through a series of historical cartoons in which the idea of election transparency is represented by a transparent glass ballot box circa 1884, also on view at the Museum.
As new laws expanded the right to vote in the late 1800s and early 20th century, other laws and unjust practices often hid those rights by suppressing access to the ballot box. While glass ballot boxes are relics of the past, the messages they signal about transparency represent issues we still face in 2020.
When you visit, see numerous newspaper illustrations about transparency in voting, discover a transparent glass ballot box from 1884, and learn about the people who played important roles in bringing transparency to United States elections.
Can't make it to the Museum? Explore a selection of historical illustrations in the digital exhibition below.
Ballots handed out for presidential, federal, state, and local elections (in Massachusetts, 1876) list candidates from one party for many races. A “straight ticket” means voting only for candidates from one party. These pre-printed ballots made it easier to vote for the one-party straight ticket. Its distinctive decorations also made it possible for observers to tell who you voted for when the ballot went into a transparent glass ballot box. While today’s ballots are cast in secret, counting them in secret would be very problematic to most voters, and contrary to transparency.
Courtesy of Library of Congress
Courtesy of Library of Congress
Ballots handed out for presidential, federal, state, and local elections (in Massachusetts, 1876) list candidates from one party for many races. A “straight ticket” means voting only for candidates from one party. These pre-printed ballots made it easier to vote for the one-party straight ticket. Its distinctive decorations also made it possible for observers to tell who you voted for when the ballot went into a transparent glass ballot box. While today’s ballots are cast in secret, counting them in secret would be very problematic to most voters, and contrary to transparency.
Courtesy of Library of Congress
Courtesy of Library of Congress
Transparency: The ideal of voting in a democracy
In the 1850s widespread corruption in American politics led to the invention of the glass ballot box. Literally, the transparent glass ballot box shows each vote; metaphorically, it shows that each vote will be counted, and that the whole election process is as transparent as glass. Voting transparency has become an increasingly controversial issue in the 2020 presidential election.
Uncle Sam (the United States personified, on the ladder) declares that ballots are more powerful than the bullets of the Civil War. His older sister, Columbia (also a personification of the nation), points to the transparent glass ballot box. The phrase "Go and do likewise" refers to a story in the Christian Gospel of Luke, where readers are implored to act like the Good Samaritan: to “do likewise” by spreading the gospel of democracy, by choosing ballots over bullets.
Harper’s Weekly, December 2, 1871. Courtesy of Princeton University Library.
Harper’s Weekly, December 2, 1871. Courtesy of Princeton University Library.
Uncle Sam (the United States personified, on the ladder) declares that ballots are more powerful than the bullets of the Civil War. His older sister, Columbia (also a personification of the nation), points to the transparent glass ballot box. The phrase "Go and do likewise" refers to a story in the Christian Gospel of Luke, where readers are implored to act like the Good Samaritan: to “do likewise” by spreading the gospel of democracy, by choosing ballots over bullets.
Harper’s Weekly, December 2, 1871. Courtesy of Princeton University Library.
Harper’s Weekly, December 2, 1871. Courtesy of Princeton University Library.
The votes that go into the transparent glass ballot box create a wind that expresses the “voice of the people.” That wind rocks (and knocks over) the cradle of spoils, the ill-gotten gains allegedly stolen from the people. The cartoonist suggests and likely hopes that election transparency will overcome corruption.
Harper’s Weekly, May 7, 1881. Courtesy of HarpWeek.com.
Harper’s Weekly, May 7, 1881. Courtesy of HarpWeek.com.
The transparency of the ballot box directly connects the people of the United States to their liberty, according to this timeless cartoon, which also declares that this connection must not be destroyed. Note how the word “Republican” takes on two different meanings in this cartoon, which subtly connects them as if they are the same. The first word refers to the Republican party, while the second alludes to the nation as a republic.
Harper's Weekly, May 15, 1880. Courtesy of HathiTrust.
Harper's Weekly, May 15, 1880. Courtesy of HathiTrust.
Uncle Sam and his older sister, Columbia, the male and female personifications of the United States, are shown cleaning up the government using “reform soap.” Uncle Sam works on the glass ballot box, removing the surface corruption to make it transparent again. Columbia scrubs away the graffiti of the corrupt judge’s bench with its crooked justices: “Judge Buyme,” “Judge Fraud,” “Judge Anyprice,” and “Judge Bribe.” The cartoon is filled with details that reward a careful look.
Harper’s Weekly, December 16, 1871. Courtesy of HathiTrust.
Harper’s Weekly, December 16, 1871. Courtesy of HathiTrust.
Uncle Sam and his older sister, Columbia, the male and female personifications of the United States, are shown cleaning up the government using “reform soap.” Uncle Sam works on the glass ballot box, removing the surface corruption to make it transparent again. Columbia scrubs away the graffiti of the corrupt judge’s bench with its crooked justices: “Judge Buyme,” “Judge Fraud,” “Judge Anyprice,” and “Judge Bribe.” The cartoon is filled with details that reward a careful look.
Harper’s Weekly, December 16, 1871. Courtesy of HathiTrust.
Harper’s Weekly, December 16, 1871. Courtesy of HathiTrust.
Business & Finance
Corruption threatens voting transparency and undermines the free choice of an independent voter. Corruption can happen in many ways: stuffing a ballot box with fraudulent votes, altering the voting counts, or making campaign donations that are implied payments for favors once a candidate takes office. Making voting requirements difficult to meet for certain groups, restricting times and places to vote, intimidating voters, or creating a confusing ballot are some forms of corruption designed to limit people’s ability to cast votes at all.
The box office is closed; the wealthy man cannot buy a seat in the “theater” that represents the Senate. The barred door is watched by an authoritative yet fair law-enforcement officer (perhaps Uncle Sam), who ensures transparency, prevents corruption, and preserves public opinion (note the officer’s baton). Instead, he points to the only way into the Senate chamber: through the transparency of the glass ballot box, controlled by a voter. Buying a seat or buying a vote can take on various forms, including making or accepting campaign contributions to curry favor, threatening election transparency.
Puck, August 6, 1902. Courtesy of Library of Congress.
Puck, August 6, 1902. Courtesy of Library of Congress.
The box office is closed; the wealthy man cannot buy a seat in the “theater” that represents the Senate. The barred door is watched by an authoritative yet fair law-enforcement officer (perhaps Uncle Sam), who ensures transparency, prevents corruption, and preserves public opinion (note the officer’s baton). Instead, he points to the only way into the Senate chamber: through the transparency of the glass ballot box, controlled by a voter. Buying a seat or buying a vote can take on various forms, including making or accepting campaign contributions to curry favor, threatening election transparency.
Puck, August 6, 1902. Courtesy of Library of Congress.
Puck, August 6, 1902. Courtesy of Library of Congress.
These ruffians are stuffing the ballot box, the corrupt process of casting multiple and illegal votes. Their hats identify them as southern and northern Democrats. While competing against each other, they are united in their fraudulent behavior. Presumably, the transparency of the glass ballot box will defeat their efforts. Today, the coronavirus pandemic has greatly increased concerns about illegal voting and has amplified calls for voting transparency in the 2020 presidential election.
Harper’s Weekly, July 31, 1880. Courtesy of HathiTrust.
Harper’s Weekly, July 31, 1880. Courtesy of HathiTrust.
William M. “Boss” Tweed was the head of Tammany Hall, a political society renowned for its corruption, including manipulating the counting of ballots. (Tammany Hall shaped New York city and state politics from the 1790s until the 1930s.) How votes are counted remains a controversial matter in modern American politics. For example, authority over the counting of ballots in Florida decided the 2000 presidential election. Insufficient polling places and voting machines, obstruction of mail-in voting, and hacking of voting software are some of the vulnerabilities threatening the transparency of counting votes in 2020.
Harper’s Weekly, October 7, 1871. Courtesy of HathiTrust.
Harper’s Weekly, October 7, 1871. Courtesy of HathiTrust.
The people lining up to vote are each portrayed as divided. Their right side indicates their nationality of origin, their left side their status as Americans. In order, we see caricatures of Irish (indicated by a shamrock and a monkeyish face), German (with pipe, farmer’s hat, and Dutch wooden shoe), probably English (top hat, large mustache), Italian (stylish hat with feather), Hungarian, and other national attires. Note that it is the right side, the foreign side, of each voter, that is casting the vote.
The cartoon’s message reflects a widespread anti-immigrant sentiment still expressed by some today: “Why should I let these freaks cast whole votes when they are only half American?” The cartoon’s title also highlights issues that continue to stir controversy in 2020 about who are “real” Americans.
Puck, August 9, 1899. The Ohio State University, Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum.
The cartoon’s message reflects a widespread anti-immigrant sentiment still expressed by some today: “Why should I let these freaks cast whole votes when they are only half American?” The cartoon’s title also highlights issues that continue to stir controversy in 2020 about who are “real” Americans.
Puck, August 9, 1899. The Ohio State University, Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum.
The people lining up to vote are each portrayed as divided. Their right side indicates their nationality of origin, their left side their status as Americans. In order, we see caricatures of Irish (indicated by a shamrock and a monkeyish face), German (with pipe, farmer’s hat, and Dutch wooden shoe), probably English (top hat, large mustache), Italian (stylish hat with feather), Hungarian, and other national attires. Note that it is the right side, the foreign side, of each voter, that is casting the vote.
The cartoon’s message reflects a widespread anti-immigrant sentiment still expressed by some today: “Why should I let these freaks cast whole votes when they are only half American?” The cartoon’s title also highlights issues that continue to stir controversy in 2020 about who are “real” Americans.
Puck, August 9, 1899. The Ohio State University, Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum.
The cartoon’s message reflects a widespread anti-immigrant sentiment still expressed by some today: “Why should I let these freaks cast whole votes when they are only half American?” The cartoon’s title also highlights issues that continue to stir controversy in 2020 about who are “real” Americans.
Puck, August 9, 1899. The Ohio State University, Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum.
National News
In the American Civil War (1861–1865), the (eventually victorious) northern states of the Union fought against the southern states of the Confederacy, primarily over the issue of enslaving Black Americans. Reconstructing the nation after the Civil War meant freeing enslaved people and grappling with notions of citizenship and voting rights for former Confederate soldiers, Black and Native American men, and immigrants.
The 15th Constitutional Amendment granted Black men the right to vote in 1870. Black voter turnout swelled, and Black congressman were elected through the 1880s and 1890s. To counter these trends, Jim Crow laws were passed and remained in force until the 1960s; election fraud expanded through corruption, political machines, and other scandals. For decades, the glass ballot box served as a prominent symbol for transparency in politics, including who counted as a true American and therefore had the right to vote.
National conflicts often raise an emotionally charged question: Who is a true American? Some folks are inclined to be more inclusive, while others seek to exclude groups of people, often based on race, ethnicity, religion, immigration status, gender, or other category. The question asked in this 1871 cartoon summarizes the matter: “Has the Native American no rights that the Naturalized American is bound to respect?”
Native Americans did not become US citizens until passage of the Indian Citizenship Act in 1924. Even so, if they lived on reservations, Native Americans across the country did not all achieve the right to vote until 1958. Effects of the injustice of denying citizenship and suppressing voting rights for people of indigenous nations continue today.
Harpers Weekly, April 22, 1871. Courtesy of HathiTrust.
Native Americans did not become US citizens until passage of the Indian Citizenship Act in 1924. Even so, if they lived on reservations, Native Americans across the country did not all achieve the right to vote until 1958. Effects of the injustice of denying citizenship and suppressing voting rights for people of indigenous nations continue today.
Harpers Weekly, April 22, 1871. Courtesy of HathiTrust.
Instead of putting his ballot in the box marked “The White Man’s Ticket for Mayor, H. Addison,” a Black voter casts a ballot for Mayor Welch. This cartoon, drawn three years before the 15th Amendment gave Black men the legal right to vote, illustrates some of the opposition to the amendment. For example, President Lincoln’s successor, Andrew Johnson, stands on the left, holding a scroll representing his “Suffrage Veto.” His pockets are stuffed with additional vetoes, perhaps placed there by a man labeled “Ex. C[onfederate] S[tates of] A[merica],” who opposes the right of the Black voter described in an accompanying article as a Union Army veteran.
Even though the 15th Amendment gave Black men in the United States the right to vote, that right was restricted in practice for a century by such Jim Crow voter suppression tactics as poll taxes and literacy tests, limiting Black voters’ access to the ballot box until the civil rights acts of the 1960s.
Harper’s Weekly, May 15, 1880. Courtesy of Library of Congress.
Even though the 15th Amendment gave Black men in the United States the right to vote, that right was restricted in practice for a century by such Jim Crow voter suppression tactics as poll taxes and literacy tests, limiting Black voters’ access to the ballot box until the civil rights acts of the 1960s.
Harper’s Weekly, May 15, 1880. Courtesy of Library of Congress.
Should Confederate soldier veterans have had the right to vote? Immediately after the Civil War, the issue was fiercely debated. This anti-Confederacy cartoon takes a strong position against this privilege: “We vote as we fought. Union men must rule and not traitors.” It also criticizes two politicians: Reuben Fenton (Republican governor of New York, 1865–1868), who enabled the burial of Union and Confederate soldiers who had died at the battle of Antietam; and Thaddeus Stevens (Republican congressperson for Pennsylvania, 1849–1853 and 1859–1868), who drafted elements of various proposals for the 14th Amendment addressing voting rights for ex-Confederates and Black Americans.
Despite the transparency of the ballot box and the law permitting Confederate soldiers to vote, in this cartoon voter intimidation is strongly implied, if not encouraged. Although the last Confederate soldier died in 1956 (the last Confederate widow in 2004, and the last Confederate pensioner in 2020), the role of Confederate soldiers in civic life has come to the forefront recently in heated debates about displaying Confederate statues and flags in public places.
Harper's Weekly, March 16, 1867. Courtesy of House David, Dickinson College.
Despite the transparency of the ballot box and the law permitting Confederate soldiers to vote, in this cartoon voter intimidation is strongly implied, if not encouraged. Although the last Confederate soldier died in 1956 (the last Confederate widow in 2004, and the last Confederate pensioner in 2020), the role of Confederate soldiers in civic life has come to the forefront recently in heated debates about displaying Confederate statues and flags in public places.
Harper's Weekly, March 16, 1867. Courtesy of House David, Dickinson College.
Should Confederate soldier veterans have had the right to vote? Immediately after the Civil War, the issue was fiercely debated. This anti-Confederacy cartoon takes a strong position against this privilege: “We vote as we fought. Union men must rule and not traitors.” It also criticizes two politicians: Reuben Fenton (Republican governor of New York, 1865–1868), who enabled the burial of Union and Confederate soldiers who had died at the battle of Antietam; and Thaddeus Stevens (Republican congressperson for Pennsylvania, 1849–1853 and 1859–1868), who drafted elements of various proposals for the 14th Amendment addressing voting rights for ex-Confederates and Black Americans.
Despite the transparency of the ballot box and the law permitting Confederate soldiers to vote, in this cartoon voter intimidation is strongly implied, if not encouraged. Although the last Confederate soldier died in 1956 (the last Confederate widow in 2004, and the last Confederate pensioner in 2020), the role of Confederate soldiers in civic life has come to the forefront recently in heated debates about displaying Confederate statues and flags in public places.
Harper's Weekly, March 16, 1867. Courtesy of House David, Dickinson College.
Despite the transparency of the ballot box and the law permitting Confederate soldiers to vote, in this cartoon voter intimidation is strongly implied, if not encouraged. Although the last Confederate soldier died in 1956 (the last Confederate widow in 2004, and the last Confederate pensioner in 2020), the role of Confederate soldiers in civic life has come to the forefront recently in heated debates about displaying Confederate statues and flags in public places.
Harper's Weekly, March 16, 1867. Courtesy of House David, Dickinson College.
One of the many challenges women faced in the fight for voting privileges was overcoming a widespread belief that acting on this right would somehow lead women to abandon their traditional roles. This illustration is one of a series in a California campaign that brilliantly counters this reasoning. The elegantly attired lady confidently asserts that she can simultaneously carry out her maternal and political responsibilities, balancing the needs of her family with her right to participate in the political process of her nation.
San Francisco Sunday Call, July 4, 1909. Courtesy of Library of Congress.
San Francisco Sunday Call, July 4, 1909. Courtesy of Library of Congress.
One of the many challenges women faced in the fight for voting privileges was overcoming a widespread belief that acting on this right would somehow lead women to abandon their traditional roles. This illustration is one of a series in a California campaign that brilliantly counters this reasoning. The elegantly attired lady confidently asserts that she can simultaneously carry out her maternal and political responsibilities, balancing the needs of her family with her right to participate in the political process of her nation.
San Francisco Sunday Call, July 4, 1909. Courtesy of Library of Congress.
San Francisco Sunday Call, July 4, 1909. Courtesy of Library of Congress.
Women's Weekly
One hundred years ago, the 19th Amendment (1920) prohibited federal and state governments from denying women the legal right to vote. In practice, this applied primarily to White women, as most women of color were blocked by state constitutions, voter intimidation, poll taxes, and other obstructions until the passing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
Since 1964 the number of women voters has exceeded the number of men voters in every presidential election; as women tend to vote differently from men, women have considerable impact on the election of public servants. Yet women continue to be underrepresented as elected officials even a century after the passage of their legal right to vote.
Three women arrive in a car representing “Modern Methods,” guided by a star shining brightly over the Capitol. They carry three gifts: a flag titled “Loyalty,” another named “Courage,” and a transparent glass ballot box labeled “Power.” The illustration alludes to the Christian Gospel of Matthew, in which three magi from the East bearing gifts of gold, frankincense, and myrrh are led by a guiding star to find the infant Jesus. For the American population of 1915, the allusion was transparent and powerful.
"The Wise Women of the West Come Bearing Gifts" by Nina Allender, Dec. 18, 1915 . National Womens Party at Belmont Paul Womens Equality National Monument.
"The Wise Women of the West Come Bearing Gifts" by Nina Allender, Dec. 18, 1915 . National Womens Party at Belmont Paul Womens Equality National Monument.
Three women arrive in a car representing “Modern Methods,” guided by a star shining brightly over the Capitol. They carry three gifts: a flag titled “Loyalty,” another named “Courage,” and a transparent glass ballot box labeled “Power.” The illustration alludes to the Christian Gospel of Matthew, in which three magi from the East bearing gifts of gold, frankincense, and myrrh are led by a guiding star to find the infant Jesus. For the American population of 1915, the allusion was transparent and powerful.
"The Wise Women of the West Come Bearing Gifts" by Nina Allender, Dec. 18, 1915 . National Womens Party at Belmont Paul Womens Equality National Monument.
"The Wise Women of the West Come Bearing Gifts" by Nina Allender, Dec. 18, 1915 . National Womens Party at Belmont Paul Womens Equality National Monument.
In 1871, Victoria Claflin Woodhull and her sister, Tennessee (also known as Tennie or Jennie) Claflin, attempted to vote in New York on the basis of the 14th and 15th Amendments, which granted voting rights to citizens. They were denied, as depicted in this cartoon entitled “Woman Franchise – The Notorious Victoria Woodhull and Jennie C. Claflin present their votes at the Poll at New York City, and are denied the exercise of their ballot.” The following year, Victoria Woodhull ran for president, with abolitionist vice-presidential running mate Frederick Douglass. Her candidacy was technically not legal – she was younger than the legally required age of 35 for a president; moreover, as women residing in New York were not allowed to vote, she could not vote for herself.
The Days' Doings vol 3 / 9 December 1871. Courtesy of Mary Evans Picture Library.
The Days' Doings vol 3 / 9 December 1871. Courtesy of Mary Evans Picture Library.
In 1871, Victoria Claflin Woodhull and her sister, Tennessee (also known as Tennie or Jennie) Claflin, attempted to vote in New York on the basis of the 14th and 15th Amendments, which granted voting rights to citizens. They were denied, as depicted in this cartoon entitled “Woman Franchise – The Notorious Victoria Woodhull and Jennie C. Claflin present their votes at the Poll at New York City, and are denied the exercise of their ballot.” The following year, Victoria Woodhull ran for president, with abolitionist vice-presidential running mate Frederick Douglass. Her candidacy was technically not legal – she was younger than the legally required age of 35 for a president; moreover, as women residing in New York were not allowed to vote, she could not vote for herself.
The Days' Doings vol 3 / 9 December 1871. Courtesy of Mary Evans Picture Library.
The Days' Doings vol 3 / 9 December 1871. Courtesy of Mary Evans Picture Library.
While some opponents tried to link the act of voting to the demise of traditional women’s roles, savvy advertisers used voting to express support for such roles, exploiting the connection to sell their products. The ability of women to vote for a household product is featured in a Fleischmann’s Yeast ad from the 1880s.
Courtesy of Ann Lewis Women's Suffrage Collection.
Courtesy of Ann Lewis Women's Suffrage Collection.
While some opponents tried to link the act of voting to the demise of traditional women’s roles, savvy advertisers used voting to express support for such roles, exploiting the connection to sell their products. The ability of women to vote for a household product is featured in a Fleischmann’s Yeast ad from the 1880s.
Courtesy of Ann Lewis Women's Suffrage Collection.
Courtesy of Ann Lewis Women's Suffrage Collection.
Special Thanks to Ellery Foutch
Ellery Foutch, Assistant Professor in American Studies at Middlebury College in Middlebury Vermont, conducted the research on glass ballot boxes that provided the foundation for this exhibition. We are indebted to her work, to her generosity in sharing the resources she discovered, and to her feedback in the development of this exhibition.
